Story of OS (Operating System)

OS : Operating System is the inter-mediator (Act as an interface between hardware and application).

OS from a bridge between hardware and application.

OS divided as two types ;

Server Os

Client OS

Server OS:

Windows 2000 -2012

Windows NT server

Client OS:

Windows 98 - 10

Windows XP

Windows Vista

Ubuntu

Windows NT4 clients etc.

DOS : Disk Operating System. Invented in the year of 1988.

Inventor of DOS is IBM

Two (2) configuration file of DOS

> config.sis (.sys <> indicates system file.)

> auto exit.bat (.bat <> indicate batch file)

.bat <>

This is self executable file contains. One or more DOS command.

>msdos.sys

>iodos.sys

Some command of DOS ::

For details of Command prompt, Please click here

Installation process and required, Please click here

Managing user accounts and application :

Managing User Accounts: Accordingly, the operating system provides a method for creating multiple user accounts on a single installation of Windows Vista. You can configure and customize each user account based on the needs of the individual who will be using it. For example, desktop settings, screen savers, shortcuts, and user-specific data files are all stored separately for each account. In general, give each user of a system his or her own account.

From the standpoint of a consumer—a typical home or small-business user—it’s common for a computer to include multiple user accounts. For example, a family of four might have separate accounts for each parent and each child. A small business might have various employees that occasionally use a single shared computer to perform specific tasks.

Understanding User Account Types

User profile A user profile contains all of the operating system preferences that are defined separately for each user account. Examples include desktop wallpaper options, the Windows Sidebar configuration, and application shortcuts. By default, user profiles are located in the C:\Users folder.

Application setting Each user profile has its own collection of application settings. These settings usually pertain to personal preferences for an application (such as default paths, toolbar layouts, and related details). They are stored either in the user-specific portion of the registry or in configuration files that are stored within the profile.

User data folder Each user has his or her user data storage location on the computer. This enables multiple users of the same computer to keep their files separate from each other.

Other user-specific folders To improve consistency and usability for operating system users, each user profile includes several shortcuts to special folders. Examples include Music, Pictures, Saved Games, Documents, Downloads, and Videos.

Security privileges and policy settings Each user account has a set of security-related actions that it can perform. For example, users might have restrictions related to logon hours or installing applications.

File system permissions These are details related to which actions the user can take on which files. For example, a user will be allowed to create and delete documents in his or her own user data folder but will not be able to access another user’s data folder.

Understanding User Account

Standard User Accounts

The default type of user account in Windows Vista is a standard user account. This account is designed to provide basic permissions for completing common daily tasks. It allows users to launch applications, create new documents, and modify basic system configuration settings. In general, these operations affect only the user who is logged on to Windows Vista. They do not include system wide changes such as the installation of new software.

Administrator User Accounts

Accounts that have Administrator permissions have the capability of performing any operation or task on the system. This includes all of the permissions that are granted to a standard user account plus the ability to make major operating system changes, install new software, and create and modify other user accounts. Administrator accounts also have the ability to set permissions for other users on the system.

The Guest Account

A third type of account that is created with default Windows Vista installations is the Guest account. This account is designed for users who require temporary access to a computer and don’t need to store their user-specific profile settings permanently. For example, if a friend is visiting your home and just needs to launch a Web browser to check her e-mail, you can allow her to use the Guest account. Users who log on as a guest have a very limited set of permissions. For example, they cannot access other users’ files or perform system wide tasks such as installing software or hardware.

For security reasons, the built-in Guest account is disabled by default. This prevents users from having an option to log on to the system as Guest.

User Permissions

working with standard and Administrator user accounts, it’s important to understand which actions each type of user is allowed to perform. Specifically, it’s important to understand a list of permissions that are granted to standard user accounts. In this section, you’ll learn examples of operations that can be performed by each type of account.

Permissions of Standard User Accounts

Perform basic system management tasks. The built-in Windows Vista applications and tools indicate operations that require elevated permissions with a shield icon next to the control. Change personal user settings such as passwords, desktop wallpaper, system sounds, and screen savers. Access removable media such as memory storage devices and CD/DVD media. Create a local area network (LAN) connection. Connect to a wireless network. Personalize display settings, including desktop resolution and number of colors. Use Remote Desktop to connect to remote computers. Perform basic configuration settings in Control Panel. For example, a user can change power management settings. Enable or disable accessibility options such as the screen magnifier. Connect and configure some external devices, such as universal serial bus (USB) storage or Bluetooth devices.

Permissions of Administrator Accounts

Installing new software on the computer Adding new hardware and installing device drivers on the computer Making changes to configuration of the Automatic Updates feature Accessing files that are in secure locations, such as the Windows folder and the Program Files folder Configuring Windows Firewall (including enabling, disabling, and adding exceptions) Performing a complete system backup and restore operation Creating new user accounts, removing user accounts, and configuring the user account type Managing the behavior of the UAC feature

Managing User Accounts

Adding User Accounts The Windows Vista Control Panel provides utilities that enable you to create and manage user accounts quickly and easily. To access the relevant settings, you need to have Administrator permissions on the computer. You can open the Manage Accounts window by clicking the Add Or Remove User Accounts link in the User Accounts And Family Safety section of the default Control Panel. Figure 6-1 shows an example of the available options and settings.

The default view shows a list of all of the users who are currently configured on the computer and an overview of their settings. The Create A New Account link starts the process of creating a new user (see Figure 6-2). The details that are required include the name of the new account. Usually, this corresponds to the individual who will be using that logon. The other option is related to whether the account should be created as a standard user (the default option), or as an Administrator.

After you click Create Account, the new account is available for logon. Generally, you will want to configure various properties of the account before you make it available for use by individuals.

Configuring User Accounts

Changing settings for an account

Change The Account Name Change The Password (or Create A Password if the account does not currently have one) Remove The Password (if one is currently configured) Change The Picture Set Up Parental Controls Change The Account Type Delete The Account

Changing Passwords

A common operation for users is to change their password. By default, standard users can change only their own passwords. It is a good practice for users to change any initial password that has been provided to them by an administrative user. Administrators have the ability to set, remove, or modify the password for any account. Figure 6-4 shows the Change Password dialog box.

Passwords are case-sensitive; that is, capital and lowercase letters must be entered exactly as they have been defined. When changing a password, it might be necessary to enter the old password first. This is done to ensure that a user does not simply walk up to a computer to which someone is already logged on and make a change without knowing the original password. To make it easier to remember passwords, you can configure a password hint to be shown to all users who attempt to use the account through the logon screen. For this reason, this hint should be something that will help only the intended user access the system.

Performing Advanced User Account Configuration

The Manage Accounts window has been designed to provide access to the most common account-related operations on a computer running Windows Vista. In some cases, however, you might need to perform advanced operations. You can do this by using Local Users And Groups within the Computer Management console (see Figure 6-5). To access this console, in the Start menu, right-click Computer and choose Manage. Alternatively, if the Administrative Tools program group is available in the Start menu, select Computer Management.

Using the Computer Management console to manage user accounts

The two main folders are Users and Groups. The Users folder contains a list of all of the user accounts created on the system. Depending on the software and services you have installed on the computer, it’s possible that you’ll notice some accounts that might not have been present in the Manage Accounts Control Panel item. Often, these accounts are designed to provide support for special software or services that require particular sets of permissions on the computer. You can view and modify detailed settings for a user by right-clicking the account and selecting Properties. User accounts have several different options.

The Groups folder within Local Users And Groups displays a list of all of the security groups that are defined on the computer. You use groups to manage permissions for collections of users. A general practice is to place users in groups and then to assign permissions to the groups themselves. Because you can easily change the membership of a group, this simplifies the process of managing permissions.

Creating and Managing User Accounts

Open Control Panel and click User Accounts And Family Safety. This opens the main window for security and safety-related settings. Under User Accounts, click Add Or Remove User Accounts. You now see a list of all of the users who are currently configured on the computer. Click Create A New Account to start the process of adding a new account. Type Test User as a user name, and then choose the default Standard User option for the account type. This creates an account that has permissions to accomplish many common tasks, but it will not be able to change system settings. Click Create Account. You now see the new user account in the Manage Accounts window. To view and modify the settings of the Test User account, click it. Click Change The Picture and select a different picture for the user account. Click Change Picture to complete the configuration. The picture you select appears on the Windows Vista logon screen. By default, the new user account has not been assigned a password. To increase security, click Create A Password. Type test!123 in the New Password and Confirm New Password text boxes. Note that you can optionally provide a password hint to help the user remember his or her logon information. Remember that this hint is visible to all users of the system (whether or not they have logged on), so be sure that it is something that is understood only by the user who will be using the account. Click Create Password. Close the Manage Accounts window and close Control Panel. To test the new account, start by logging off the computer. Next, test the new account by using it to log on to the system. You should see the Test User account as an option. Click this account, and then provide the password that you assigned in step 9 to log on to the system. During the first logon, Windows Vista creates a new user profile and sets up the default system settings for new accounts. Try performing several different types of tasks using the new account. Make a note of which types of operations are allowed and which ones require you to type in administrator credentials. When finished, log off the computer. Optionally, you can delete the Test User user account by logging on as an administrator and using the Manage Accounts window.

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